择校政策环境下青少年主动方式上学与家长的看法

摘要

在世界范围内，许多青少年未能达到规律身体活动的推荐水平。尽管主动方式上学（active transport to school，ATS）被视为提升青少年身体活动量的重要途径，但对于居住地超出步行或骑行可达范围的青少年而言，仅依靠主动方式上学并不可行。当青少年未就读离家最近的学校时，择校类教育政策会使主动方式上学的潜力变得更为复杂。本研究旨在为新西兰相对匮乏、国际上日渐增长的相关文献作出贡献，考察家长对择校的看法、上学出行决策，以及就读最近学校与非最近学校的青少年在上学出行方式上的差异。研究分析了新西兰达尼丁 352 位家长的问卷数据，并按子女就读最近学校与非最近学校分别呈现结果。总体而言，仅有 38.9% 的青少年就读离家最近的学校。与就读非最近学校的同龄人相比，就读最近学校的青少年居住地离校更近，使用主动方式上学的比例也更高（家校距离（步行可达（≤2.25 km）／骑行可达（>2.25—4.0 km）／超出骑行可达（>4.0 km））：47.4%／27.8%／24.8% 对 4.8%／20.3%／74.9%，p<0.001；上学出行方式（主动／机动／混合）：40.9%／56.9%／2.2% 对 9.3%／82.7%／7.9%，p<0.001）。近四分之三的择校决策由家长与子女共同作出。与对照组家长相比，子女就读最近学校的家长更多地把离家近、社会联结以及学校的男女同校属性（仅限就读男女同校学校的青少年）列为择校理由。对于就读学校超出骑行可达距离的青少年，推行混合出行方式的举措有望帮助其提高主动方式上学的比例。

Abstract

Internationally many adolescents do not meet the recommended level of regular physical activity. Although active transport to school (ATS) is promoted to increase physical activity in adolescents, relying solely on ATS is not feasible for those who live beyond walkable or cyclable distance to school. School choice education policies complicate the potential of ATS when adolescents do not enrol in the closest school. This research contributes to sparse New Zealand and growing international literature to examine parental perspectives on school choice, travel to school decisions and modes of travel to school in adolescents enrolled in the closest versus non-closest school. We analysed questionnaire responses from 352 parents in Dunedin, differentiating results for enrolment in the closest versus non-closest school. Overall, only 38.9% of adolescents enrolled in their closest school. The adolescents who enrolled in their closest school lived closer to school and more frequently used ATS compared to their peers who enrolled in a non-closest school (home-to-school distance (walkable (≤2.25 km)/cyclable (>2.25–4.0 km)/beyond cyclable (>4.0 km)): 47.4%/27.8%/24.8% versus 4.8%/20.3%/74.9%; p < 0.001; transport to school (active/motorised/mixed): 40.9%/56.9%/2.2% versus 9.3%/82.7%/7.9%; p < 0.001). Nearly three-quarters of school choice decisions were made by parents jointly with their adolescent. Parents whose adolescent enrolled in the closest school more frequently reported proximity to home, social connection and school’s co-educational status (only for adolescents enrolled in co-educational school) as reasons for school choice compared to their counterparts. Mixed-mode initiatives may support adolescents to increase ATS when they attend a school beyond cyclable distance.